Open In App

Performing Logarithmic Computations in R Programming – log(), log10(), log1p(), and log2() Functions

Last Updated : 05 Jun, 2020
Comments
Improve
Suggest changes
Like Article
Like
Report

log() function in R Language returns the natural logarithm (base-e logarithm) of the argument passed in the parameter.

Syntax: log(x)

Parameter:
x: Specified value.

Returns: It returns the natural logarithm of the specified value, infinity for 0 and NaN for the negative value.

Example 1:




# R program to calculate log value 
print(log(1)) 
print(log(30)) 
print(log(0)) 
print(log(-44))  






                        










Output:


[1] 0
[1] 3.401197
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In log(-44) : NaNs produced



logarithmic-function


log(x, base = y)


The log(x,base=y) is an inbuilt function in R which is used to compute the logarithm of the specified value to base y, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.



Syntax: log(x, base = y)


Parameters:

x and base y.


Returns: It returns the logarithm of the specified value to base y, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.



Example 2:













                                    




                                    

                                    




                                    




                                    

                                    

                                    
                                




















# R program to calculate log value  


print(log(10,base=10))  


print(log(16,base=2))  


print(log(0,base=10))  


print(log(-44,base=4))  



















                        







                        










Output:


[1] 1
[1] 4
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log(-44, base = 4)) : NaNs produced



log10() Function


The log10() is an inbuilt function in R which is used to compute the logarithm of the specified value to base 10, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.



Syntax: log10(x)


Parameters:

x: Specified values.


Returns: It returns the logarithm of the specified value to base 10,infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.



Example 2:













                                    




                                    

                                    




                                    




                                    

                                    

                                    
                                




















# R program to calculate log value  


print(log10(1))  


print(log10(10))  


print(log10(0))  


print(log10(-44))  



















                        







                        










Output:


[1] 0
[1] 1
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log10(-44)) : NaNs produced



log1p()


The log1p() is an inbuilt function in R which is used to calculate accurate natural logarithm of 1+x, where x is the specified value and throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.



Syntax: log1p(x)


Parameters:

x: Specified values.


Returns: It returns the accurate natural logarithm of 1+x, where x is the specified value and throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.



Example: 













                                    




                                    

                                    




                                    




                                    

                                    

                                    
                                




















# R program to illustrate  


# the use of log1p() method 


  


# Getting the accurate natural  


# logarithm of 1 + x, where x is  


# the specified value and throws  


# infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value. 


print(log1p(1)) 


print(log1p(10)) 


print(log1p(0)) 


print(log1p(-44)) 



















                        







                        










Output:


[1] 0.6931472
[1] 2.397895
[1] 0
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In log1p(-44) : NaNs produced



log2()


The log2() is an inbuilt function in R which is used to calculate the logarithm of x to base 2, where x is the specified value or throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.



Syntax: log2(x)


Parameters:

x: Specified values.


Returns: It returns the logarithm of x to base 2, where x is the specified value or throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.



Example: 













                                    




                                    

                                    




                                    




                                    

                                    

                                    
                                




















# R program to illustrate  


# the use of log2() method 


  


# Getting the logarithm of x  


# to base 2, where x is the  


# specified value or throws  


# infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value. 


print(log2(1)) 


print(log2(2)) 


print(log2(0)) 


print(log2(-44)) 



















                        







                        










Output:


[1] 0
[1] 1
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log2(-44)) : NaNs produced





                            
                            
                        


                                                                              

                                        

                                                                                

                                                                

                            

                                  
                                

                                                              

                                
                                        Next Article
                                        
                                    
                                    
                                    

                                        Create Repetitions of a String in R Programming - strrep() Function
                                    

                                

                                                        

                        

                            

                                        

                                            

                                                

                                                

                                                    
author
        

            
        

        

                                                

                                                

                                                    spp____                                                

                                                

                                                

            
                                            

                                            
                                        

                                        

                                            
                                            

                                                
                                                
                                            

                                            

                                            Improve
                                                
                                            

                                        

                        

                        

                                                            

                                    
Article Tags : 

                                    
                                                                    

                                                                                

                        


                                                

                        
                                                 

                                
Similar Reads

                                

                                    
                                

                            

                        


                                                

                                

                                    
                                                                    

                            


                        

                            

                                                                                    

                              

                            

                                                        
                        

                    

                

            

                

        

            

                

                    

                    
                
 
                
                            

                                

                            


                            


            

        
  

        

                




	
	
	

	
	
	
	    

	
	

	
	



                
        

    

    

        

            

            

        

    
















	

    
  

  
  






    
        We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. By using our site, you
        acknowledge that you have read and understood our
        Cookie Policy &
        Privacy Policy
            
    







   Lightbox