Abstract
Code-Switching (CS) is a phenomenon where a person switches from one language to another in a single conversation. In the Philippines, CS is used often due to multiple languages that coexist together in a society as it is a simpler way of conveying messages between its members. This study will introduce a method that detects code-switching, specifically in the Cebuano-English language. A support vector machine (SVM) with language parameters from a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) was used for language classification. An Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, consisting of Cebuano acoustic and language models, was developed to aid in the detection process. By combining language classification information and acoustic score, the method showed an increased accuracy of code-switching speech recognition compared to previous methods.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Salazar, D.: Switching Gears: Revising Code-Switching, n. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 24 Apr 2022, from https://public.oed.com/blog/revising-code-switching/ (2020, Sept 21)
Rev.: All You Need to Know About Automatic Speech Recognition Transcription Models. Rev. Retrieved 13 Apr 2022, from https://www.rev.com/blog/guide-to-speech-recognition-transcription-models (2021, June 14)
Bravo-Sotelo, K.: Exploring the Tagalog-English code-switching types used for mathematics classroom instruction. IAFOR J. Educ. Lang. Learn. Educ. 8(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1245827.pdf (2020)
Abastillas, G.: Divergence in Cebuano and English code-switching practices in Cebuano speech communities in the central Philippines A Thesis su. Retrieved 16 Apr 2022, from https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/760907/Abastillas_georgetown_0076M_12963.pdf;sequence=1 (2015, Apr 1)
Kumar, A., Shahnawazuddin, S., Pradhan, G.: Exploring different acoustic modeling techniques for the detection of vowels in speech signal. In: 2016 Twenty Second National Conference on Communication (NCC), 1(2016), pp. 1–5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/NCC.2016.7561195
Deng, L., Yu, D.: Automatic Speech Recognition: A Deep Learning Approach. Springer, London (2014)
Yu, D., Seltzer, M.L., Li, J., Huang, J.-T., Seide, F.: Feature learning in deep neural networks—studies on speech recognition tasks. Int Conf Learn Representations 1(3), 9 (2013). arXiv:1301.3605
Republic of the Philippines: Mindanao Comprised About 24 Percent of the Philippines’ Total Population. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 23 Apr 2022, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/mindanao-comprised-about-24-percent-philippines-total-population (2005, June 8)
Mikolov, T., Kombrink, S., Burget, L., Černocký, J., Khudanpur, S.: Extensions of recurrent neural network language model. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 1(1), 5528–5531 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2011.5947611
Yu, L.-C., He, W.-C., Chien, W.-N., Tseng, Y.-H.: Identification of code-switched sentences and words using language modeling approaches. Math. Probl. Eng. 2013(1), 7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/898714
Chuang, S.-P., Sung, T.-W., Lee, H.-Y.: Training a code-switching language model with monolingual data. In: CASSP 2020–2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2020(1), 7949–7953 (2020, May). arXiv:1911.06003
Zhang, H.: Code-switching Speech Detection Method by Combination of Language and Acoustic Information. In: 2012 2nd International Conference on Computer and Information Application (ICCIA 2012), 1(1), pp. 372–375. https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/4038.pdf (2012)
Aquino, A., Tsang, J.L., Lucas, C.R., de Leon, F.: G2P and ASR techniques for low-resource phonetic transcription of Tagalog, Cebuano, and Hiligaynon. In: 2019 international symposium on multimedia and communication technology (ISMAC), 2019(1), pp. 1–5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAC.2019.8836168
Afnan, S.: Comparison GMM and SVM classifier for automatic speaker verification. All Theses. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2228 (2015)
Rao, K.S., Manjunath K.E.: Speech Recognition Using Articulatory and Excitation Source Features. Springer International Publishing (2017)
librosa.feature.mfcc — librosa 0.10.0.dev0 documentation. (n.d.). Librosa. Retrieved 25 July 2022, from https://librosa.org/doc/main/generated/librosa.feature.mfcc.html
Saini, A.: Support Vector Machine (SVM): A Complete guide for beginners. Analytics Vidhya. Retrieved 21 Apr 2022, from https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/10/support-vector-machinessvm-a-complete-guide-for-beginners/ (2021, Oct 12)
Sreenivasa, S.: Radial Basis Function (RBF) Kernel: The Go-To Kernel. Towards Data Science. Retrieved 21 July 2022, from https://towardsdatascience.com/radial-basis-function-rbf-kernel-the-go-to-kernel-acf0d22c798a (2020, Oct 12)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Empinado, C.D.O., Jumalon, R.C.A., Peña, C.F. (2023). Cebuano-English Code-Switching Speech Detection Using Support Vector Machine. In: Vasant, P., et al. Intelligent Computing and Optimization. ICO 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 854. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50151-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50151-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-50150-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-50151-7
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)