{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "fbb4d5a2",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "fbb4d5a2"
   },
   "source": [
    "# Code from Downey's _Think Python_\n",
    "\n",
    "This notebook contains code for examples and exercises from chapter 4,\n",
    "_Functions and Interfaces_ of Allen Downey's\n",
    "_Think Python Third Edition_ (O'Reilly, 2024) using turtle graphics.\n",
    "\n",
    "I removed the main text, keeping only the section titles to make it easier to locate the code in the book.\n",
    "I also added some very brief comments for context."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0b0efa00",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "0b0efa00"
   },
   "source": [
    "## The Turtle module\n",
    "\n",
    "Import the `Turtle` class:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "8f5a8a45",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "8f5a8a45"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from jupyturtle import Turtle"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "8c801121",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "8c801121"
   },
   "source": [
    "Create `Turtle` object, use a method:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "b3f255cd",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "b3f255cd",
    "outputId": "deb4d489-1a62-47ef-d6bf-39617641f591"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "9c8af26412904a2cbe520966b6dde35a",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = Turtle()\n",
    "t.forward(100)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "77a61cbb",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "77a61cbb"
   },
   "source": [
    "Shortcuts for exploratory programming with an imperative API:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "234fde81",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "234fde81"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "2d39de4651ac4bce9c06e748a11d4706",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from jupyturtle import fd\n",
    "fd(100)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c1322d31",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "c1322d31"
   },
   "source": [
    "The `fd()` call created a new turtle and drawing.\n",
    "Further commands will update that same drawing."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bd319754",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "bd319754"
   },
   "source": [
    "Import more functions:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "6d874b03",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "6d874b03"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from jupyturtle import lt, rt, fd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0da2a311",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "0da2a311"
   },
   "source": [
    "Experiment with `left`, aliased to `lt`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "1bb57a0c",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "1bb57a0c",
    "outputId": "7c5c99bb-d1c1-4e70-8eeb-60dd7e4d9976"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fd(50)\n",
    "lt(90)\n",
    "fd(50)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e20ea96c",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "e20ea96c"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Making a square"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "9a9e455f",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "9a9e455f",
    "outputId": "b2f6fc88-1ae0-4058-94ab-b11fb7278169"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "46803f8f54714197a811cf39fb339a6f",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from jupyturtle import make_turtle, forward, left\n",
    "\n",
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "\n",
    "forward(50)\n",
    "left(90)\n",
    "\n",
    "forward(50)\n",
    "left(90)\n",
    "\n",
    "forward(50)\n",
    "left(90)\n",
    "\n",
    "forward(50)\n",
    "left(90)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a7500957",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "a7500957"
   },
   "source": [
    "Using a `for` loop."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "cc27ad66",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "cc27ad66",
    "outputId": "d13253a3-9547-49a5-8181-38994a7d9bcf"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "de397c03eafb4d15a944c4c0d22492af",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "for i in range(4):\n",
    "    forward(50)\n",
    "    left(90)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c072ea41",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "c072ea41"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Encapsulation and generalization\n",
    "\n",
    "Write function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "ad5f1128",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "ad5f1128"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def square():\n",
    "    for i in range(4):\n",
    "        forward(50)\n",
    "        left(90)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0789b5d9",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "0789b5d9"
   },
   "source": [
    "Call it."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "193bbe5e",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "193bbe5e",
    "outputId": "685b50ca-1d40-43e6-c9d0-c04eb3384e9c"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "953998c6361740c5bc21c39cacb98772",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "square()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "da905fc6",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "da905fc6"
   },
   "source": [
    "Function with parameter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "def8a5f1",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "def8a5f1"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def square(length):\n",
    "    for i in range(4):\n",
    "        forward(length)\n",
    "        left(90)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "397fda4b",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "397fda4b"
   },
   "source": [
    "Now we can draw squares with different sizes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "b283e795",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "b283e795",
    "outputId": "f1681b48-b958-430c-fa9d-2290dcb64e85"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "d6188170474246e4bdad15799cdd9484",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "square(30)\n",
    "square(60)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5a46bf64",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "5a46bf64"
   },
   "source": [
    "Generalization:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "171974ed",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "171974ed"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def polygon(n, length):\n",
    "    angle = 360 / n\n",
    "    for i in range(n):\n",
    "        forward(length)\n",
    "        left(angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "286d3c77",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "286d3c77"
   },
   "source": [
    "Example:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "71f7d9d2",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "71f7d9d2",
    "outputId": "b9160d99-658e-4933-f17e-1ecf02c9a6fa"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "32cd065a3e404b66b82c3a8481d5282a",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "polygon(7, 30)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "dc0226db",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "dc0226db"
   },
   "source": [
    "Named arguments:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "8ff2a5f4",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "8ff2a5f4",
    "outputId": "4b4a744d-bf00-4d1e-feba-9f4174506318",
    "tags": [
     "remove-output"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "851053a66a5a44699694d37936427bac",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "polygon(n=7, length=30)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b10184b4",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "b10184b4"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Approximating a circle\n",
    "\n",
    "To draw a circle:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "7f2a5f28",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "7f2a5f28"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "def circle(radius):\n",
    "    circumference = 2 * math.pi * radius\n",
    "    n = 30\n",
    "    length = circumference / n\n",
    "    polygon(n, length)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "39023314",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "39023314"
   },
   "source": [
    "The `delay` argument (named `speed` in ColabTurtle):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "75258056",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "75258056",
    "outputId": "9cbf7b6a-c5e7-433e-a14f-2b275e9e9f05"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "7ac0533e488d45e5bb01ff39fea1f9f3",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle(delay=0.05)\n",
    "circle(30)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c48f262c",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "c48f262c"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Refactoring\n",
    "\n",
    "`polyline`, a more general version of `polygon`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "381edd23",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "381edd23"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def polyline(n, length, angle):\n",
    "    for i in range(n):\n",
    "        forward(length)\n",
    "        left(angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c2b2503e",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "c2b2503e"
   },
   "source": [
    "Parameters:\n",
    "\n",
    "`n`: number of segments to draw\n",
    "\n",
    "`length`: length each segment\n",
    "\n",
    "`angle`: angle between them\n",
    "\n",
    "New `polygon` using `polyline`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "2f4eecc0",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "2f4eecc0"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def polygon(n, length):\n",
    "    angle = 360.0 / n\n",
    "    polyline(n, length, angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2714a59e",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "2714a59e"
   },
   "source": [
    "Use `polyline` to write `arc`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "539466f6",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "539466f6"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def arc(radius, angle):\n",
    "    arc_length = 2 * math.pi * radius * angle / 360\n",
    "    n = 30\n",
    "    length = arc_length / n\n",
    "    step_angle = float(angle) / n\n",
    "    polyline(n, length, step_angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3c18773c",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "3c18773c"
   },
   "source": [
    "Rewrite `circle` to use `arc`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "8e09f456",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "8e09f456"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def circle(radius):\n",
    "    arc(radius,  360)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "313a357c",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "313a357c"
   },
   "source": [
    "To check that these functions work as expected, we'll use them to draw something like a snail."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "80d6eadd",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "80d6eadd",
    "outputId": "7568b421-69a5-4e3d-c369-e706f92b2e7e"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "3b745f4e02de4446ac5cdf282e84cda7",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle(delay=0.01)\n",
    "polygon(n=20, length=9)\n",
    "arc(radius=70, angle=70)\n",
    "circle(radius=10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d18c9d16",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "d18c9d16"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Stack diagram\n",
    "\n",
    "(no turtle examples in this section)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3e3bae20",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "3e3bae20"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Docstrings\n",
    "\n",
    "`polyline` with docstring:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "b68f3682",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "b68f3682"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def polyline(n, length, angle):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Draws line segments with the given length and angle between them.\n",
    "\n",
    "    n: integer number of line segments\n",
    "    length: length of the line segments\n",
    "    angle: angle between segments (in degrees)\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    for i in range(n):\n",
    "        forward(length)\n",
    "        left(angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "1182531b-8252-4389-a6b4-58adec2fc19b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "0a9c81ff7deb4040bc38e2a7de05f67a",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "polyline(9, 30, 36)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f1115940",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "f1115940"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Debugging\n",
    "\n",
    "(no turtle examples in this section)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a4d33a70",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "a4d33a70"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Glossary\n",
    "\n",
    "(no turtle examples in this section)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "50ed5c38",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "50ed5c38"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Exercises\n",
    "\n",
    "`penup` and `pendown`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "6f9a0106",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "6f9a0106"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from jupyturtle import forward, penup, pendown\n",
    "\n",
    "def jump(length):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Move forward length units without leaving a trail.\n",
    "\n",
    "    Postcondition: Leaves the pen down.\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    penup()\n",
    "    forward(length)\n",
    "    pendown()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c78c1e17",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "c78c1e17"
   },
   "source": [
    "### Exercise\n",
    "\n",
    "Draw a rectangle:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "c54ba660",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "c54ba660"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "def rectangle(length1, length2):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Draw a rectangle with the given lengths.\n",
    "\n",
    "    length1: length of the first side\n",
    "    length2: length of the second size\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    for i in range(2):\n",
    "        forward(length1)\n",
    "        left(90)\n",
    "        forward(length2)\n",
    "        left(90)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "1311ee08",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "1311ee08",
    "outputId": "f73e1eaf-e057-4099-8d25-45fc326b491a"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "7bb72c2d989341ebb656b8fcc7143640",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "rectangle(80, 40)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "8b8faaf6",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "8b8faaf6"
   },
   "source": [
    "### Exercise\n",
    "\n",
    "Draw a rhombus:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "3db6f106",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "3db6f106"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def rhombus(length, angle):\n",
    "    for i in range(2):\n",
    "        forward(length)\n",
    "        left(angle)\n",
    "        forward(length)\n",
    "        left(180-angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "1d845de9",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "1d845de9",
    "outputId": "66e0bd71-a207-482a-c855-184f9603b6b5"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "308730ffc65240fc8b51d01fd3db3c85",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "rhombus(50, 60)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a9175a90",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "a9175a90"
   },
   "source": [
    "### Exercise\n",
    "\n",
    "Write `parallelogram`, then rewrite `rectangle` and `rhombus` to use it:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "895005cb",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "895005cb"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "def parallelogram(length1, length2, angle):\n",
    "    for i in range(2):\n",
    "        forward(length1)\n",
    "        left(angle)\n",
    "        forward(length2)\n",
    "        left(180-angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "7e7d34b0",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "7e7d34b0"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "def rectangle(length1, length2):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Draw a rectangle with the given lengths.\n",
    "\n",
    "    length1: length of the first side\n",
    "    length2: length of the second size\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    parallelogram(length1, length2, 90)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "481396f9",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "481396f9"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "def rhombus(length, angle):\n",
    "    parallelogram(length, length, angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "id": "c8dfebc9",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "c8dfebc9",
    "outputId": "a6b35bd8-69c7-44ed-cb5f-c540b8abacd8"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "d7c73a390c704391a6a83e0dda2cf49b",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle(delay=0.05)\n",
    "jump(-120)\n",
    "\n",
    "rectangle(80, 40)\n",
    "jump(100)\n",
    "rhombus(50, 60)\n",
    "jump(80)\n",
    "parallelogram(80, 50, 60)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b9bd3ad7-f086-4470-82a5-8a3a82593719",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Exercise\n",
    "\n",
    "A `triangle` function:\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "id": "8be6442e",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "8be6442e"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "from jupyturtle import forward, left, right\n",
    "\n",
    "def triangle(radius,  angle):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Draws an icosceles triangle.\n",
    "\n",
    "    The turtle starts and ends at the peak, facing the middle of the base.\n",
    "\n",
    "    radius: length of the equal legs\n",
    "    angle: half peak angle in degrees\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    y = radius * math.sin(angle * math.pi / 180)\n",
    "\n",
    "    right(angle)\n",
    "    forward(radius)\n",
    "    left(90+angle)\n",
    "    forward(2*y)\n",
    "    left(90+angle)\n",
    "    forward(radius)\n",
    "    left(180-angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b8aeab81-bc97-400c-917f-bc962d834cb5",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "(a little demonstration)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "id": "2666dcde",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "c41f7318131242e09e89f5f081f96761",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from jupyturtle import make_turtle, hide\n",
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "hide()\n",
    "\n",
    "for i in range(12):\n",
    "    triangle(50, 10)\n",
    "    left(30)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "be1b7ed8",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "be1b7ed8"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "def draw_pie(n, radius):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Draws a pie divided into radial segments.\n",
    "\n",
    "    n: number of segments\n",
    "    radius: length of the radial spokes\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    angle = 360.0 / n\n",
    "    for i in range(n):\n",
    "        triangle(radius,  angle/2)\n",
    "        left(angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "id": "9b1f5a1e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "fc2e3a030d3a4538811b569afe4ea8b6",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle(delay=0.01)\n",
    "draw_pie(5, 40)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "89ce198a",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "89ce198a",
    "outputId": "252a28de-d853-4851-abb0-525ea33c0998"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "0e4e9feb8c584b97869330c3bf7b9e79",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle(delay=0.01)\n",
    "jump(-120)\n",
    "\n",
    "size = 40\n",
    "draw_pie(5, size)\n",
    "jump(2*size)\n",
    "draw_pie(6, size)\n",
    "jump(2*size)\n",
    "draw_pie(7, size)\n",
    "jump(2*size)\n",
    "draw_pie(8, size)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7c665dd1",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "7c665dd1"
   },
   "source": [
    "### Exercise\n",
    "\n",
    "Draw flowers with `petal`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "id": "0f0e7498",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "0f0e7498"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "def petal(radius,  angle):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Draws a petal using two arcs.\n",
    "\n",
    "    t: Turtle\n",
    "    radius: radius of the arcs\n",
    "    angle: angle (degrees) that subtends the arcs\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    for i in range(2):\n",
    "        arc(radius,  angle)\n",
    "        left(180-angle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "id": "6c0d0bff",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "6c0d0bff"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "def flower(n, radius, angle):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Draws a flower with n petals.\n",
    "\n",
    "    n: number of petals\n",
    "    radius: radius of the arcs\n",
    "    angle: angle (degrees) that subtends the arcs\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    for i in range(n):\n",
    "        petal(radius,  angle)\n",
    "        left(360/n)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "id": "2f4b4c22-198d-4e30-8d38-68d04023309a",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "4cfea3b0",
    "outputId": "cb03438b-e82a-4c35-97dc-884bfde25056"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "e0952c7e48e64744a79bd68ded3ad53a",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle(delay=0.01)\n",
    "\n",
    "jump(-100)\n",
    "flower(7, 60.0, 60.0)\n",
    "\n",
    "jump(100)\n",
    "flower(10, 40.0, 80.0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e546cb2d-7968-42e7-a81b-ba22635d799f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Hiding the turtle reduces the number of elements in the drawing, so it renders faster with each step."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "id": "1e1c01b1-c4a4-4f6a-9bd8-05da8dd8f027",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "4cfea3b0",
    "outputId": "cb03438b-e82a-4c35-97dc-884bfde25056"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "23d7e226a5844a6eae4161d4196f954d",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "make_turtle(delay=0.01) # start a new drawing\n",
    "hide() # don't draw the turtle\n",
    "jump(100)\n",
    "flower(14, 140.0, 20.0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9d9f35d1",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "9d9f35d1"
   },
   "source": [
    "### Ask an assistant\n",
    "\n",
    "Draw a spiral:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "id": "46d3151c",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "46d3151c",
    "outputId": "47731432-91f7-4efc-d6da-077dd95234f8"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "56a822fb301240af9e3bd868bf446cf9",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "from jupyturtle import make_turtle, forward, right\n",
    "\n",
    "make_turtle()\n",
    "\n",
    "def spiral(length, angle):\n",
    "    for _ in range(100):\n",
    "        forward(length)\n",
    "        right(angle)\n",
    "        length += 2  # Increase the length for each segment\n",
    "\n",
    "spiral(5, 90)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "id": "186c7fbc",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "186c7fbc",
    "outputId": "45628c53-a3b4-482e-dbf0-32a4ac0edaf9"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
       "model_id": "d7fd41d1288c423489353a4797c92888",
       "version_major": 2,
       "version_minor": 0
      },
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiCanvas(height=200, sync_image_data=True, width=400)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "done\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Solution\n",
    "\n",
    "# prompt: make that a circular spiral, and don't change the name of the module\n",
    "\n",
    "from jupyturtle import make_turtle, forward, left\n",
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "make_turtle(delay=0.01)\n",
    "\n",
    "def circular_spiral(radius, angle):\n",
    "    rotations = 5\n",
    "    distance = 2 * math.pi * radius / 360  # Calculate the distance for each degree of rotation\n",
    "    for _ in range(rotations * 360):\n",
    "        forward(distance)\n",
    "        left(angle)\n",
    "        radius += 0.1  # Increase the radius for each segment\n",
    "        distance = 2 * math.pi * radius / 360  # Recalculate the distance for the updated radius\n",
    "\n",
    "# sometimes crashes chromium\n",
    "circular_spiral(50, 1)\n",
    "print('done')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0cd5b7e3-ccaf-4954-bca0-ccebd10bfbc7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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