Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Optimize Routing Protocol Overheads in MANETs: Challenges and Solutions: A Review Paper

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Routing is one of the most challenging task in mobile ad hoc networks. Several works have been proposed to address this challenge. Majority numbers of researchers have introduced the routing protocols based on minimize resource consumption but still research needs improvement to design the efficient routing protocols which control the node movement. Proper use of location information and dynamically adjustment of intermediate nodes’ retransmission adopted by a number of algorithms contribute to a reduction in the number of retransmissions and consequently reduce control overhead and resource consumption, but this feat was achieved at a price on network reachability. In this paper, an overview of analytical, network, and simulation model used in the design of routing mechanisms wherever possible is presented. This review paper classifies routing protocols into three categories named as route discovery, QoS (Quality of Service), and route maintenance with their relative performance. This paper also compares routing mechanisms against routing efficiency, reliability, packet delay, packet delivery ratio, control overheads, and QoS. This paper reviewed some current literatures that were proposed to improve the reliable, resource consumption, scalable, and QoS based routing mechanisms. This article also highlights the performance demands required of these protocols to assist researcher in MANET resource conservation as a good starting point for developing efficient routing algorithm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Hazzaa, F., & Yousef, S. (2017). Performance analysis for traffics in mobile ad hoc network. In: International conference on global security, safety, and sustainability (pp. 342–350). Springer.

  2. Biradar, R. C., & Manvi, S. S. (2009). Reliable ring based multicast routing scheme in manet: An agent based approach. In: IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and En- gineering, 2009. CASE 2009 (pp. 507–512). IEEE.

  3. Tamil Selvi, P., & Suresh Ghana Dhas, C. (2019). A novel algorithm for enhancement of energy efficient zone based routing protocol for MANET. Mobile Networking Application, 24, 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-018-1043-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Agrawal, D. P., & Zeng, Q.-A. (2015). Introduction to wireless and mobile systems. Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Al Mojamed, M., & Kolberg, M. (2017). Design and evaluation of a peer-to-peer MANET crosslayer approach: OneHopOverlay4MANET. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 10(1), 138–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Biradar, R. C., & Manvi, S. S. (2011). Agent-driven backbone ring-based reliable multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks. IET Communications, 5(2), 172–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Geeta, D., Nalini, N., & Biradar, R. C. (2013). Fault tolerance in wireless sensor network using hand-off and dynamic power adjustment approach. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 36(4), 1174–1185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Rath, M., Pattanayak, B. K., & Pati, B. (2016). Inter-layer communication based qos platform for real time multimedia applications in manet. In: Inter- national conference on wireless communications, signal processing and networking (WiSPNET) (pp. 591–595). IEEE.

  9. Biradar, R., Bhagyashree, P., & Manvi, S. (2007). Agent-based adaptive bandwidth allocation in wireless networks. IETE Journal of Research, 53(2), 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chang, J.-Y., & Chen, H.-L. (2003). Dynamic-grouping bandwidth reservation scheme for multimedia wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 21(10), 1566–1574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Walikar, G. A., & Biradar, R. C. (2017). A survey on hybrid routing mechanisms in mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 77, 48–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Abdali, T.-A.N., Hassan, R., Muniyandi, R. C., Mohd Aman, A. H., Nguyen, Q. N., & Al-Khaleefa, A. S. (2020). Optimized particle swarm optimization algorithm for the realization of an enhanced energy-aware location-aided routing protocol in MANET. Information, 11, 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11110529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Jain, R. (2022). Ant colony inspired energy efficient OLSR (AC-OLSR) routing protocol in MANETS. Wireless Personal Communications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09514-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang, Z., Jia, Z., & Xia, H. (2012). Link stability evaluation and stability based multicast routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks. In: 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom) (pp. 1570–1577). IEEE.

  15. Hanashi, A. M., Siddique, A., Awan, I., & Woodward, M. (2009). Performance eval- uation of dynamic probabilistic broadcasting for flooding in mobile ad hoc networks. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 17(2), 364–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kasemsap, K. (2016). Radio frequency identification and mobile ad-hoc network: Theories and applications. In: Handbook of Research on Recent Develop- ments in Intelligent Communication Application (p. 63).

  17. Chen, Z., Zhou, W., Wu, S., & Cheng, L. (2020). An adaptive on-demand multipath routing protocol with QoS support for high-speed MANET. IEEE Access, 8, 44760–44773. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2978582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Xu, H., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. (2009). Neighborhood tracking for mobile ad hoc networks. Computer Networks, 53(10), 1683–1696.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Xia, H., Xia, S., Yu, J., Jia, Z., & Sha, E.H.-M. (2014). Applying link stability es- timation mechanism to multicast routing in manets. Journal of Systems Architecture, 60(5), 467–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Reynaud, L., & Guerin-Lassous, I. (2017). Improving the performance of challenged networks with controlled mobility. Ad Hoc Networks (pp. 205–217). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Helmy, A., Garg, S., Pamu, P., & Nahata, N. (2003). Contact-based architecture for re- source discovery (card) in large scale manets. In: Parallel and distributed processing symposium, 2003. Proceedings international (p. 9). IEEE.

  22. Cooper, C., Franklin, D., Ros, M., Safaei, F., & Abolhasan, M. (2017). A comparative survey of vanet clustering techniques. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(1), 657–681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Jabbar, W. A., Ismail, M., Nordin, R., & Arif, S. (2017). Power-efficient routing schemes for manets: A survey and open issues. Wireless Networks, 23(6), 1917–1952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sabor, N., Sasaki, S., Abo-Zahhad, M., & Ahmed, S. M. (2017). A comprehensive survey on hierarchical-based routing protocols for mobile wireless sensor networks: Review, taxonomy, and future directions. Wireless Communi- cations and Mobile Computing.

  25. Olagbegi, B. S., & Meghanathan, N. A review of the energy efficient and secure multicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks, arXiv preprint arXiv:1006.3366.

  26. Prakash, S., Saini, J., & Gupta, S. (2010). A review of energy efficient routing pro- tocols for mobile ad hoc wireless networks. International Journal of Com- puter Information Systems, 1(4), 36–46.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Tsao, S.-L., & Huang, C.-H. (2011). A survey of energy efficient mac protocols for ieee 802.11 wlan. Computer Communications, 34(1), 54–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mohsin, A. H., Bakar, K. A., Adekiigbe, A., et al. (2012). A survey of energy- aware routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks: Trends and challenges. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 4(2), 82–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Jones, C. E., Sivalingam, K. M., Agrawal, P., & Chen, J. C. (2001). A survey of energy efficient network protocols for wireless networks. Wireless Networks, 7(4), 343–358.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Cormio, C., & Chowdhury, K. R. (2009). A survey on mac protocols for cognitive radio networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 7(7), 1315–1329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Junhai, L., Danxia, Y., Liu, X., & Mingyu, F. (2009). A survey of multicast routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 11(1), 78–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Perkins, C. E., & Bhagwat, P. (2004). Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (dsdv) for mobile computers. In: ACM SIGCOMM computer communication review (Vol. 24, pp. 234–244). ACM.

  33. Dube, R., Rais, C. D., Wang, K.-Y., & Tripathi, S. K. (1997). Signal stability-based adaptive routing (ssa) for ad hoc mobile networks. IEEE Personal Communications, 4(1), 36–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Pei, G., Gerla, M., & Chen, T.-W. (2000). Fisheye state routing: A routing scheme for ad hoc wireless networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2000. ICC 2000 (Vol. 1, pp. 70–74). IEEE.

  35. Perkins, C., Belding-Royer, E., & Das, S. (2003). Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (aodv) routing, Tech. rep.

  36. Johnson, D. B., & Maltz, D. A. (1996). Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. Mobile computing (pp. 153–181). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Ranganathan, K., & Sarin, A. (2012). A voice for the voiceless peer-to-peer mobile phone networks for a community radio service. Information Development, 28(1), 68–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Abdelhaq, M., Hassan, R., & Ismail, M. (2014). Performance evaluation of mobile ad hoc networks under flooding-based attacks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 27(12), 4328–4345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Adarbah, H. Y., Ahmad, S., & Duffy, A. (2015). Impact of noise and interference on probabilistic broadcast schemes in mobile ad-hoc networks. Computer Networks, 88, 178–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Guan, J., Chu, Q., & You, I. (2017). The social relationship based adaptive multi- spray-and-wait routing algorithm for disruption tolerant network. Mobile Information Systems.

  41. Robinson, Y. H., & Rajaram, M. (2016). A memory aided broadcast mechanism with fuzzy classification on a device-to-device mobile ad hoc network. Wireless Personal Communications, 90(2), 769–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ranganathan, K., et al. (2011). Efficient broadcasting for a mobile ad-hoc network based peer-to-peer community radio service, Tech. rep., Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department.

  43. Robinson, Y. H., Balaji, S., & Rajaram, M. (2016). Ecbk: Enhanced cluster based key management scheme for achieving quality of service. Circuits and Systems, 7(08), 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Abdulai, J., Ould-Khaoua, M., & Mackenzie, L. M. (2007). Improving probabilistic route discovery in mobile ad hoc networks. In: 32nd IEEE conference on local computer networks, 2007. LCN 2007 (pp. 739–746). IEEE.

  45. Suradkar, S. S., & Surve, A. R. (2014). A protocol for reducing routing overhead in mobile ad hoc networks. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Technology, 5(02), 115–117.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Khabbazian, M., & Bhargava, V. K. (2009). Efficient broadcasting in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 8(2), 231–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu, H., Wan, P.-J., Jia, X., Liu, X., & Yao, F. F. (2006). Efficient flooding scheme based on 1-hop information in mobile ad hoc networks. In: INFOCOM. Citeseer

  48. Zhang, Z., Mao, G., & Anderson, B. D. (2013). Opportunistic broadcast in mobile ad- hoc networks subject to channel randomness. In: 2013 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp. 1725–1729). IEEE.

  49. Finn, G. G. Routing and addressing problems in large metropolitan-scale internetworks. isi research report.

  50. Li, Z., Yao, N., & Gao, Q. Relative distance based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks.

  51. Basurra, S. S., De Vos, M., Padget, J., Ji, Y., Lewis, T., & Armour, S. (2015). Energy efficient zone based routing protocol for manets. Ad Hoc Networks, 25, 16–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Channappagoudar, M. B., & Venkataram, P. (2016). Performance evaluation of mo- bile agent based resource management protocol for manets. Ad Hoc Networks, 36, 308–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kaur, H., Singh, H., & Sharma, A. (2016). Geographic routing protocol: A review. International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing, 9(2), 245–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Kochher, R., & Singh, H. A survey of manet protocols and their mobility speed. International Journal for Science, Management and Technology (IJSMT) 11 (11).

  55. Huang, S. C., & Chang, H. Y. (2014). A density-aware location-aided routing pro- tocol for wireless ad-hoc networks. In: 2014 tenth international conference on intelligent information hiding and multimedia signal processing (IIH-MSP) (pp. 670–673). IEEE.

  56. Li, J., Jannotti, J., De Couto, D. S., Karger, D. R., & Morris, R. (2000). A scalable location service for geographic ad hoc routing. In: Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking (pp. 120–130). ACM.

  57. Kasemann, M., Hartenstein, H., Fu¨ßler, H., & Mauve, M., et al. (2002). Analysis of a location service for position-based routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: WMAN (pp. 121–133).

  58. Cui, J.-H., Kong, J., Gerla, M., & Zhou, S. (2006). The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications. IEEE Network, 20(3), 12–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Merkel, S., Mostaghim, S., & Schmeck, H. (2014). Hop count based distance esti- mation in mobile ad hoc networks–challenges and consequences. Ad Hoc Networks, 15, 39–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Perez-Gonzalez, V. H., Munoz-Rodriguez, D., Vargas-Rosales, C., & Torres- Villegas, R. (2015). Relational position location in ad-hoc networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 24, 20–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Pineda-Brisen˜o, A., Menchaca-M´endez, R., & Guzman-Lugo, G. Integrated routing and positioning in mobile ad hoc networks. Computacion y Sis- temas 20 (2).

  62. Akter, M., Islam, A., & Rahman, A. (2016). Fault tolerant optimized broadcast for wireless ad-hoc networks. In: 2016 international conference on networking systems and security (NSysS) (pp. 1–9). IEEE.

  63. Reina, D., Toral, S., Asimakopoulou, E., Barrero, F., & Bessis, N. (2015). The role of congestion in probabilistic broadcasting for ubiquitous wireless multi-hop networks through mediation analysis. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 24, 16–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Singh, M., Sarangal, M., & Singh, G. (2014). Review of manet: Applications & chal- lenges. Networking and Communication Engineering, 6(5), 193–197.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hou, T.-C., & Li, V. (1986). Transmission range control in multihop packet radio networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 34(1), 38–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Kranakis, E., Singh, H., & Urrutia, J. (1999). Compass routing on geometric networks. In: Proceedings of the 11th Canadian conference on computational geometry.

  67. Latiff, L., Fisal, N., Arifin, S., & Ahmed, A. A. (2010). Directional routing protocol in wireless mobile ad hoc network. In: Trends in Telecommunications Technologies. InTech.

  68. Stojmenovic, I., Seddigh, M., & Zunic, J. (2002). Dominating sets and neighbor elimination-based broadcasting algorithms in wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on parallel and distributed systems, 13(1), 14–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Ruiz, P., & Bouvry, P. (2015). Survey on broadcast algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 48(1), 8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Mahmood, B. A., Ibrahim, A., & Manivannan, D. (2016). Hybrid on-demand greedy routing protocol with backtracking for mobile ad-hoc networks. In: Wire- less and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2016 9th IFIP (pp. 110–116). IEEE.

  71. Sultanuddin, S., & Hussain, M. A. Shortest and efficient multipath routing in mobile ad hoc network (manet). Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9 (45).

  72. Alsaqour, R., Abdelhaq, M., Saeed, R., Uddin, M., Alsukour, O., Al- Hubaishi, M., & Alahdal, T. (2015). Dynamic packet beaconing for gpsr mobile ad hoc position-based routing protocol using fuzzy logic. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 47, 32–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Liu, Z., Feng, X., Zhang, J., Li, T., & Wang, Y. (2016). An improved gpsr algorithm based on energy gradient and apit grid. Journal of Sensors.

  74. Xiang, X., Wang, X., & Zhou, Z. (2012). Self-adaptive on-demand geographic routing for mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 11(9), 1572–1586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Chawla, M., Goel, N., Kalaichelvan, K., Nayak, A., & Stojmenovic, I. (2006). Beacon- less position based routing with guaranteed delivery for wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks. Ad-Hoc Networking (pp. 61–70). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  76. Iche, A. H., & Dhage, M. (2015). Location based routing protocols: A survey. Inter- national Journal of Computer Applications, 109(11), 28–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Aman, M., Khan, A., Abdullah, A., & Ullah, I. (2016). Position-based unicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks using the concept of blacklisting. Wireless communications, networking and applications (pp. 1195–1206). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  78. Rajasekar, M. S., & Subramani, A. Node weight based cluster formation to improve route stability in manet. International Journal of Advanced Re- search in Computer Science 7 (5).

  79. Ko, Y.-B., & Vaidya, N. H. (2000). Location-aided routing (lar) in mobile ad hoc networks. Wireless Networks, 6(4), 307–321.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  80. Cartigny, J., Simplot, D., & Stojmenovic, I. (2003). Localized minimum-energy broad- casting in ad-hoc networks. In: INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications. IEEE So- cieties (Vol. 3, pp. 2210–2217). IEEE.

  81. Basagni, S., Chlamtac, I., Syrotiuk, V. R., Woodward, B. A. (1998) A distance routing effect algorithm for mobility (dream). In: Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking (pp. 76–84). ACM.

  82. Jiang, Q., & Manivannan, D. (2016). Triangle-based routing for mobile ad hoc net- works. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 33, 108–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Jasper, A., Paulus, R., & Rathore, S. (2015). Improvement of lar1 routing protocol. Procedia Computer Science, 57, 77–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Hwang, D., & Kim, D. (2007) Dfr: Directional flooding-based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks. In: OCEANS 2008 (pp. 1–7). IEEE.

  85. Hnatyshin, V. (2013). Improving manet routing protocols through the use of ge- ographical information. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks, 5(2), 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Yu, H., Yao, N., & Liu, J. (2015). An adaptive routing protocol in underwater sparse acoustic sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 34, 121–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Seo, W. J., Islam, R., Khan, M. K., & Choo, K.-K. R., et al. (2015). A secure cross- domain sip solution for mobile ad hoc network using dynamic clustering. In: International conference on security and privacy in communication systems (pp. 649–664). Springer.

  88. Aburumman, A., Seo, W. J., Esposito, C., Castiglione, A., & Islam, R. et al. A secure and resilient cross-domain sip solution for manets using dynamic clustering and joint spatial and temporal redundancy, Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience.

  89. Pathak, S., & Jain, S. (2016). A novel weight based clustering algorithm for routing in manet. Wireless Networks, 22(8), 2695–2704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Avramopoulos, I., Kobayashi, H., Wang, R., & Krishnamurthy, A. (2004). Highly se- cure and efficient routing. In: INFOCOM 2004. Twenty-third AnnualJoint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Vol. 1). IEEE.

  91. Tseng, Y.-C., Ni, S.-Y., Chen, Y.-S., & Sheu, J.-P. (2002). The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network. Wireless Networks, 8(2/3), 153–167.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  92. Tonguz, O. K., Wisitpongphan, N., Parikh, J. S., Bai, F., Mudalige, P., & Sadekar, V. K. (2006). On the broadcast storm problem in ad hoc wireless networks. In: 3rd international conference on broadband communications, networks and systems, 2006. BROAD- NETS 2006 (pp. 1–11). IEEE.

  93. Jaap, S., Bechler, M., & Wolf, L. (2005). Evaluation of routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks in typical road traffic scenarios. In: Proc of the 11th EUNICE Open European Summer School on Networked Applications (2005) (pp. 584– 602)

  94. Tahooni, M., Darehshoorzadeh, A., & Boukerche, A. (2014). Mobility-based oppor- tunistic routing for mobile ad-hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM symposium on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, & ubiquitous networks (pp. 9–16). ACM.

  95. Csoma, A., Gulyas, A., & Toka, L. On measuring the geographic diversity of internet routes, arXiv preprint arXiv:1601.01116.

  96. Paul, S. (2016). Introduction to MANET and clustering in MANET. Anchor Academic Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Jacobson, V. (1998). Congestion avoidance and control. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 18, 314–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Xu, C., Zhao, J., & Muntean, G.-M. (2016). Congestion control design for multipath transport protocols: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 18(4), 2948–2969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Cardwell, N., Cheng, Y., Gunn, C. S., Yeganeh, S. H., et al. (2017). Bbr: Congestion- based congestion control. Communications of the ACM, 60(2), 58–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Lin, P.-J., Dow, C.-R., Huang, L.-H., & Hwang, S.-F. (2011). A hybrid adaptive traf- fic control strategy in wireless mesh networks. In: 2011 Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Computer Communi- cations and Networks (ICCCN) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  101. Safaiezadeh, B., Rahmani, A. M., & Mahdipour, E. (2009). A new fuzzy congestion control algorithm in computer networks. In: ICFCC 2009 international conference on future computer and communication (pp. 314–318). IEEE

  102. Sadeghi, B., Yamada, A., Fujiwara, A., & Yang, L. (2006). A simple and efficient hop- by-hop congestion control protocol for wireless mesh networks. In: Pro- ceedings of the 2nd annual international workshop on Wireless internet (p. 4). ACM.

  103. Periyasamy, P., & Karthikeyan, E. (2017). End-to-end link reliable energy efficient multipath routing for mobile ad hoc networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 92(3), 825–841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Park, J. C. (2008). Channel-error and collision aware, secure multihop ad hoc wireless networks, Ph.D. thesis, Citeseer.

  105. Tsado, Y., Gamage, K. A., Lund, D., & Adebisi, B. (2016). Multiple metrics-olsr in nan for advanced metering infrastructures. In: Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), 2016 IEEE International (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

  106. Tyagi, S., Som, S., & Rana, Q. (2016). A reliability based variant of aodv in manets: Proposal, analysis and comparison. Procedia Computer Science, 79, 903–911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Li, G., Boukhatem, L., & Wu, J. (2017). Adaptive quality-of-service-based routing for vehicular ad hoc networks with ant colony optimization. IEEE Trans- actions on Vehicular Technology, 66(4), 3249–3264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Huang, C.-F., Chan, Y.-F., & Hwang, R.-H. (2017). A comprehensive real-time traffic map for geographic routing in vanets. Applied Sciences, 7(2), 129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Das, S. K., & Tripathi, S. (2016). Intelligent energy-aware efficient routing for manet. Wireless Networks 1–21.

  110. Chatterjee, S., & Das, S. (2015). Ant colony optimization based enhanced dynamic source routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc network. Information Sciences, 295, 67–90.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  111. Ghaffari, A. (2016). Real-time routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks using reinforcement learning and heuristic algorithms. Wireless Networks 1–12.

  112. Liu, W., & Kim, W. (2013). A stability-considered density-adaptive routing protocol in manets. Journal of Systems Architecture, 59(9), 767–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Awerbuch, B., Holmer, D., & Rubens, H. (2006). The medium time metric: High throughput route selection in multi-rate ad hoc wireless networks. Mobile networks and applications, 11(2), 253–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Khalid, A., Ahn, H., & Kim, C. (2016). Reliable and efficient multi-rate aware reactive (remar) routing for ieee 802.11 based manet. In: 2016 international conference on information networking (ICOIN) (pp. 81–85). IEEE.

  115. De Couto, D. S., Aguayo, D., Bicket, J., & Morris, R. (2005). A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing. Wireless Networks, 11(4), 419–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Ahmed, E., Qadir, J., & Baig, A. (2015). High-throughput transmission-quality-aware broadcast routing in cognitive radio networks. Wireless Networks, 21(4), 1193–1210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Watanabe, M., Tang, S., & Tanaka, S. (2004). Experimental result of ad hoc routing protocol due to the received signal strength in the office environment. In: IEICE Society Conference, B-5-125

  118. Alnajjar, F. Snr/rp aware routing model for manets, City College and Graduate Center of City University of New York, Multidisciplinary Jour- nals in Science and Technology. Journal of Selected Areas in Telecommu- nications (JSAT).

  119. Patil, R., & Kerji, V. K. (2011). Sinr based routing for mobile ad-hoc networks. In: 2011 3rd International Conference on, Electronics Computer Technology (ICECT) (Vol. 5, pp. 369–372). IEEE.

  120. Mamun-Or-Rashid, A., & Hong, C. S. (2007). Lslp: link stability and lifetime pre- diction based qos aware routing for manet. In: Proc. Joint Conference on Communications and Information (JCCI), Phoenix Park, Korea.

  121. Biradar, R. C., & Manvi, S. S. (2012). Review of multicast routing mechanisms in mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 35(1), 221–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Tamg, J.-H., Chuang, B.-W., & Wu, F.-J. (2006). A radio-link stability-based routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks, in: Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006. In: IEEE International Conference on SMC’06 (Vol. 5, pp. 3697–701). IEEE.

  123. Moussaoui, A., Semchedine, F., & Boukerram, A. (2014). A link-state qos routing protocol based on link stability for mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 39, 117–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Zarei, M., Faez, K., & Nya, J. M. (2008). Modified reverse aodv routing algorithm using route stability in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Multitopic Conference, 2008. INMIC 2008 (pp. 255–259). IEEE International, IEEE.

  125. Xiong, Z.-G., Zhang, X.-M., Xia, X.-W., & Chen, J.-X. (2010). A kind of ad hoc net- work stable routing protocol of emergency communication environment. In: 2010 2nd International Conference on Software Technology and Engineering (ICSTE) (Vol. 2, pp. V2–104). IEEE.

  126. Shams, T. A., & Kiani, A. K. (2014) Routing over intermittent links for network cen- tric warfare applications. In: Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) (pp. 2224–2229). IEEE.

  127. Wang, B., Chen, X., & Chang, W. (2014). A light-weight trust-based qos routing algorithm for ad hoc networks. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 13, 164–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Mallapur, S. V., Patil, S. R., & Agarkhed, J. V. (2017). Load balancing technique for congestion control multipath routing protocol in manets. Wireless Per- sonal Communications, 92(2), 749–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Ganjali, Y., & Keshavarzian, A. (2004) Load balancing in ad hoc networks: single- path routing vs. multi-path routing. In: INFOCOM 2004. Twenty-third annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications So- cieties (Vol. 2, pp. 1120–1125). IEEE.

  130. Bhatia, B. (2015). Performance analysis of aodv based congestion control pro- tocols in manet. In: 2015 international conference on futuristic trends on computational analysis and knowledge management (ABLAZE) (pp. 453–458). IEEE.

  131. He, X., Papadopoulos, C., Heidemann, J., Mitra, U., & Riaz, U. (2009). Remote detec- tion of bottleneck links using spectral and statistical methods. Computer Networks, 53(3), 279–298.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  132. Kim, M. S., Kim, T., Shin, Y.-J., Lam, S. S., & Powers, E. J. (2008). A wavelet- based approach to detect shared congestion. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 16(4), 763–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Wischik, D., Raiciu, C., Greenhalgh, A., & Handley, M. (2011). Design, implementa- tion and evaluation of congestion control for multipath tcp. In: NSDI (Vol. 11, pp. 8–8).

  134. Zhao, X., & Lu, Z. (2013). Per-flow delay bound analysis based on a formalized microarchitectural model. In: ACM international symposium on networks on chip (NoCS), 2013 Seventh IEEE (pp. 1–8). IEEE.

  135. Adekiigbe, A., & Bakar, K. A. (2015). Implementing congestion avoidance mecha- nism in cluster based routing protocol for wireless mesh client networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 81(2), 725–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Ku¨hlewind, M., Neuner, S., & Trammell, B. (2013). On the state of ecn and tcp op- tions on the internet. In: International conference on passive and active network measurement (pp. 135–144). Springer.

  137. Utsumi, S., Zabir, S. M. S., & Prabhavat, S. (2016). A new explicit congestion notifi- cation scheme for satellite ip networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 75, 169–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Sheeja, S., & Pujeri, R. V. (2013). Effective congestion avoidance scheme for mo- bile ad hoc networks. International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security, 5(1), 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Rangaswamy, S., & Krishnareddy, V. (2015). An efficient traffic regulation mecha- nism for distributed networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communi- cations and Networking, 2015(1), 154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Tran, D. A., & Raghavendra, H. (2006). Congestion adaptive routing in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, 17(11), 1294–1305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Raghavendra, H., & Tran, D. A. (2006). Congestion adaptive routing in ad hoc net- works. Red 1, 0–3.

  142. Tran, D.A., & Raghavendra, H. (2005). Routing with congestion awareness and adaptivity in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005 IEEE (Vol. 4, pp. 1988–1994). IEEE.

  143. Kim, J.-Y., Tomar, G. S., Shrivastava, L., Bhadauria, S. S., & Lee, W.-H. Load balanced congestion adaptive routing for mobile ad hoc networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks.

  144. Tomar, G. S., Shrivastava, L., & Bhadauria, S. S. (2014). Load balanced congestion adaptive routing for randomly distributed mobile adhoc networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 77(4), 2723–2733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Kumaran, T. S., & Sankaranarayanan, V. (2011). Early congestion detection and adaptive routing in manet. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 12(3), 165–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Ali, M., Stewart, B., Shahrabi, A., & Vallavaraj, A. (2012). Congestion adaptive multi- path routing for load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: 2012 International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT) (pp. 305–309). IEEE.

  147. Singal, G., Laxmi, V., Gaur, M., & Rao, V. (2016). Moralism: Mobility prediction with link stability based multicast routing protocol in manets. Wireless Networks 1–17.

  148. Sabri, Y., El Kamoun, N., & Lakrami. F. (2019). A survey: Centralized, decentralized, and distributed control scheme in smart grid systems. In: 2019 7th mediterranean congress of telecommunications (CMT) (pp. 1–11). IEEE.

  149. Lee, K. (2012). A backup path routing for guaranteeing bandwidth in mobile ad hoc networks for multimedia applications. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 57(2), 439–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Mamoun, M. H. (2011). A new proactive routing protocol for manet. Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences, 3(2), 132–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Valera, A., Tan, H.-P., & Seah, W. K. (2010). Improving link failure detection and response in ieee 802.11 wireless ad hoc networks. In: 2010 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) (pp. 1814–1819). IEEE.

  152. Sirilar, J., & Rojviboonchai, K. (2010). Oho: Overhearing on-demand route re- pair mechanism for mobile ad hoc networks. In: 2010 International Conference on Electrical Engineer- ing/Electronics Computer Telecommunications and Information Technol- ogy (ECTI-CON) (pp. 66–70). IEEE.

  153. Yu, C. W., Wu, T.-K., & Cheng, R. H. (2007). A low overhead dynamic route repair- ing mechanism for mobile ad hoc networks. Computer Communications, 30(5), 1152–1163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Lai, W. K., Hsiao, S.-Y., & Lin, Y.-C. (2007). Adaptive backup routing for ad-hoc networks. Computer Communications, 30(2), 453–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Rewagad, P. P., & Suryawanshi, S. R. (2014). Implementation of trust aware routing framework with link failure consideration and recovery. IJRCCT, 3(9), 987–993.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Castellanos, W. E., Guerri, J. C., & Arce, P. (2016). A qos-aware routing protocol with adaptive feedback scheme for video streaming for mobile networks. Computer Communications, 77, 10–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Sayad, L., Aissani, D., & Bouallouche-Medjkoune, L. (2016). On-demand routing pro- tocol with tabu search based local route repair in mobile ad hoc networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 90(2), 515–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Ramasubramanian, S., & Chandak, A. (2008). Dual-link failure resiliency through backup link mutual exclusion. IEEE/ACM transactions on networking, 16(1), 157–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Zhan, G., Shi, W., & Deng, J. (2012). Design and implementation of tarf: A trust- aware routing framework for wsns. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 9(2), 184–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Farooq, H., & Jung, L. T. (2013). Multi metric on-demand ad-hoc routing protocol for wireless smart metering deployment. In: 2013 IEEE Malaysia international conference on communications (MICC) (pp. 140–144). IEEE.

  161. Youn, J. S., Lee, J., Sung, D.-H., & Kang, C.-H. (2006). Quick local repair scheme using adaptive promiscuous mode in mobile ad hoc networks. JNW, 1(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Rahman, M. A., & Anwar, S. (2012). Enhanced qlrs-apm: A new proposal for en- hancing local route repair in mobile ad hoc networks. Recent advances in computer science and information engineering (pp. 91–99). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  163. Kumar Saha, B., Swanaz, S., Saha, S., Maity, S., & Tilak Bhunia, C. (2008). Pre- emptive dynamic source routing: a repaired backup approach and sta- bility based dsr with multiple routes, CIT. Journal of Computing and Information Technology, 16(2), 91–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Chen, J., Zhou, C., Chen, D., Huang, B., Hong, J., Zhou, C., & Yang, X. (2009). A novel routing algorithm for ad hoc networks based on the downstream nodes information. In: International conference on multimedia information networking and security, 2009. MINES’09 (Vol. 2, pp. 277–280). IEEE.

  165. Prakash, S., Kumar, R., Nayak, B., & Yadav, M. K. (2011). A highly effective and efficient route discovery & maintenance in dsr. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 3(4), 1546–1553.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ministery of Science and Technology, Technology of Information, Baghdad, Iraq

    Ahlam Hashim Mohsin

Authors
  1. Ahlam Hashim Mohsin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahlam Hashim Mohsin.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mohsin, A.H. Optimize Routing Protocol Overheads in MANETs: Challenges and Solutions: A Review Paper. Wireless Pers Commun 126, 2871–2910 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09843-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09843-3

Keywords