Abstract
In this paper, two new shadowed fading distributions \(\alpha -\eta -\mu\)/Inverse Gamma and \(\alpha -\kappa -\mu\)/Inverse Gamma are proposed to model wireless communication channel. Probability density functions (pdf), tth-moments and moment generating functions (MGF) of the instantaneous SNR for these channels have also been determined. Obtained statistics are applied to ascertain Amount of Fading (AoF), channel capacity per unit bandwidth and Average Symbol Error Rate (ASER). To judge the performance of multi-hop communication, Source to Sink Average Bit Error Rate (S2S-ABER) have been determined where independent and identical distributed and independent and non-identical distributed multi-hop links have been considered. The performance of these matrices are studied under various channel parameters and Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to validate the analytical expressions. Moreover, performance of multi-hop IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee and IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth radios have also been analyzed over these channels.










Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
There is no associated data for his manuscript.
Code Availability
The Code will be made available on reasonable request.
Notes
Since due to shadowing, the average received signal power is not constant throughout the transmission, rather follows a particular probability distribution, the term conditional probability density is used.
References
Abdi, A., & Kaveh, M. (1998). K distribution: An appropriate substitute for Rayleigh-lognormal distribution in fading-shadowing wireless channels. Electronics Letters, 34(9), 851–852. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19980625.
Ai, Y., Kong, L., & Cheffena, M. (2019). Secrecy outage analysis of double shadowed Rician channels. Electronics Letters, 55(13), 765–767.
Al-Hmood, H. (2017). A mixture gamma distribution based performance analysis of switch and stay combining scheme over \(\alpha -\kappa -\mu\) shadowed fading channels. In 2017 Annual conference on new trends in information communications technology applications (NTICT), pp. 292–297. https://doi.org/10.1109/NTICT.2017.7976096.
Al-Hmood, H., & Al-Raweshidy, H. (2016). Unified modeling of composite \(kappa-mu\)/gamma, \(eta-mu\)/gamma, and \(alpha-mu\)/gamma fading channels using a mixture gamma distribution with applications to energy detection. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, PP(99):1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2558455.
Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., & Jiang, H. (2010). Representation of composite fading and shadowing distributions by using mixtures of gamma distributions. In 2010 IEEE wireless communication and networking conference, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2010.5506173.
Badarneh, O. S., & Aloqlah, M. S. (2016). Performance analysis of digital communication systems over \(\alpha {-}\eta {-}\mu\) fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 65(10), 7972–7981. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2504381.
Dey, I., Messier, G. G., & Magierowski, S. (2014). Joint fading and shadowing model for large office indoor Wlan environments. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 62(4), 2209–2222. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.2299818.
Fraidenraich, G., & Yacoub, M. D. (2006). The \(\alpha -\kappa -\mu\) and \(\alpha -\eta -\mu\) fading distributions. In 2006 IEEE ninth international symposium on spread spectrum techniques and applications, pp. 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSSTA.2006.311725.
Goldsmith, A. (2005). Wireless communications. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841224.
Gradshteyn, I., & Ryzhik, I. (2007). Table of integrals, series, and products. Table of Integrals, Series, and Products Series. Elsevier Science.
IEEE. (2006). IEEE standard for information technology-local and metropolitan area networks-specific requirements-part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003).
Laourine, A., Alouini, M. S., Affes, S., & Stephenne, A. (2009). On the performance analysis of composite multipath/shadowing channels using the g-distribution. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 57(4), 1162–1170. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2009.04.070258.
Marković, A., Perić, Z., & sić, D. D., Smilić, M., & Jaksić, B. (2015). Level crossing rate of macrodiversity system over composite gamma shadowed alpha-kappa-mu multipath fading channel. Facta Universitatis, Series: Automatic Control and Robotics,14(2), 99–109.
Morgado, E., Mora-Jimenez, I., Vinagre, J., Ramos, J., & Caamano, A. (2010). End-to-end average ber in multihop wireless networks over fading channels. Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, 9(8), 2478–2487. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2010.070710.090240.
Paris, J. F. (2014). Statistical characterization of \(\kappa { - }\mu\) shadowed fading. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 63(2), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2013.2281213.
Prudnikov, A., Brychkov, Y., & Marichev, O. (1992). Integrals and series—special functions (Vol. 2). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
Ramirez-Espinosa, P., & Lopez-Martinez, F. J. (2019). On the utility of the inverse gamma distribution in modeling composite fading channels. In 2019 IEEE global communications conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013959.
Shankar, P. M. (2012). A Nakagami-n-gamma model for shadowed fading channels. Wireless Personal Communications, 64(4), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-010-0211-5.
Simmons, N., da Silva, C. R. N., Cotton, S. L., Sofotasios, P. C., & Yacoub, M. D. (2019). Double shadowing the Rician fading model. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 8(2), 344–347. https://doi.org/10.1109/LWC.2018.2871677.
Sofotasios, P. C., & Freear, S. (2011a). The \(\alpha -\kappa -\mu /gamma\) distribution: A generalized non-linear multipath/shadowing fading model. In 2011 Annual IEEE India conference, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDCON.2011.6139442.
Sofotasios, P. C., & Freear, S. (2011b). On the \(\kappa -\mu\)/gamma composite distribution: A generalized multipath/shadowing fading model. In 2011 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S international microwave and optoelectronics conference (IMOC 2011), pp. 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1109/IMOC.2011.6169398.
Sofotasios, P. C., & Freear, S. (2015). A generalized non-linear composite fading model. CoRR. arXiv:abs/1505.03779.
Sofotasios, P. C., Tsiftsis, T. A., Ghogho, M., Wilhelmsson, L. R., & Valkama, M. (2013). The \(\eta -\mu\)/ig distribution: A novel physical multipath/shadowing fading model. In 2013 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), pp. 5715–5719. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2013.6655506.
Stamenović, G., Panić, S. R., Rančić, D., & Stefanović, Č. (2014). Performance analysis of wireless communication system in general fading environment subjected to shadowing and interference. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2014-124.
Stüber, G. (2011). Principles of mobile communication. Springer.
Yoo, S. K., Cotton, S. L., Sofotasios, P. C., Matthaiou, M., Valkama, M., & Karagiannidis, G. K. (2015a). The \(\kappa -\mu\)/ inverse gamma fading model. In 2015 IEEE 26th annual international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications (PIMRC), pp. 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2015.7343336.
Yoo, S. K., Sofotasios, P. C., Cotton, S. L., Matthaiou, M., Valkama, M., & Karagiannidis, G. K. (2015b). The \(\eta -\mu\) / inverse gamma composite fading model. In 2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pp. 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2015.7343288.
Yoo, S. K., Cotton, S. L., Sofotasios, P. C., & Freear, S. (2016). Shadowed fading in indoor off-body communication channels: A statistical characterization using the \(\kappa\)-\(\mu\) /gamma composite fading model. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 15(8), 5231–5244. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2016.2555795.
Yoo, S. K., Bhargav, N., Cotton, S. L., Sofotasios, P. C., Matthaiou, M., Valkama, M., & Karagiannidis, G. K. (2018). The \(\kappa\)-\(\mu\)/inverse gamma and \(\eta\)-\(\mu\)/inverse gamma composite fading models: Fundamental statistics and empirical validation. IEEE Transactions on Communications, pp. 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2780110.
Yoo, S. K., Cotton, S. L., Zhang, L., & Sofotasios, P. C. (2019). The inverse gamma distribution: A new shadowing model. In 2019 8th Asia-Pacific conference on antennas and propagation (APCAP), pp. 475–476. https://doi.org/10.1109/APCAP47827.2019.9472051.
Acknowledgements
This publication is an outcome of the R&D work undertaken project under the Visvesvaraya Ph.D. Scheme of Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India, being implemented by Digital India Corporation.
Funding
There is no funding. This publication is an outcome of the R&D work undertaken project under the Visvesvaraya Ph.D. Scheme of Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India, being implemented by Digital India Corporation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goswami, A., Kumar, A. Statistical Characterization and Performance Evaluation of \(\alpha -\eta -\mu\)/Inverse Gamma and \(\alpha -\kappa -\mu\)/Inverse Gamma Channels. Wireless Pers Commun 124, 2313–2333 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09466-8
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09466-8