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Perceptual differential energy watermarking for H.264/AVC

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Abstract

This paper presents a novel watermark embedding scheme for H.264/AVC video using a spatio-temporal just-noticeable difference (JND) model, which is based on 4 × 4 DCT blocks. Combined with the proposed JND model, a previous differential energy watermarking (DEW) algorithm is modified for better imperceptibility. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) and spread spectrum are used to enhance robustness of the watermark. The watermarked video has good robustness against common video attacks such as re-compression, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), salt-and-pepper noise, Gauss filtering, circular averaging filtering and frame averaging. The watermarked video also has good visual quality due to the introduced JND model.

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60832010), and Graduate Innovation Foundation of Shanghai University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China

    Duyao Wang, Sujuan Huang, Guorui Feng & Shuozhong Wang

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  1. Duyao Wang
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  2. Sujuan Huang
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  4. Shuozhong Wang
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Correspondence to Duyao Wang.

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Wang, D., Huang, S., Feng, G. et al. Perceptual differential energy watermarking for H.264/AVC. Multimed Tools Appl 60, 537–550 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0830-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0830-1

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