Abstract
There is increasing prevalence of digital diagnostic imaging in veterinary medicine with a progressive need to use medical imaging software. As Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)-viewers for veterinary use do not require medical device approval in many countries, freeware viewers might be a practical alternative. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate free DICOM-viewer software for veterinary purposes. The functionality and user-friendliness of various DICOM-viewers from the internet were analyzed and compared. Inclusion criteria for the evaluation were free availability, PACS (picture archiving and communication system)-connectivity, and stand-alone and client-based software. Based on this, eight viewers were found: Ginkgo CADx, Horos, K-PACS, MAYAM, MITO, OsiriX Lite, RadiAnt, Synedra personal. In these DICOM-viewers, 14 core tools were tested and rated on a score from 1 to 10 by multiple observers with different levels of training, using studies of four imaging modalities. Criteria were functionality and user-friendliness. For each viewer, the total number of a predefined set of 47 important tools was counted. The ranking based on functionality and user-friendliness of 14 core tools (mean score in brackets) was as follows: 1. Horos/OsiriX Lite (8.96), 2. RadiAnt (8.90), 3. K-PACS (8.02), 4. Synedra (7.43), 5. MAYAM (6.05), 6. Ginkgo CADx (5.53), 7. MITO (3.74). The DICOM-viewers offered between 20 and 44 tools of the predefined important tool set and are sufficient for most veterinary purposes. An increasing number of tools did not necessarily impair user-friendliness, if the user interface is well designed. Based on the results of this study, veterinarians will find suitable free DICOM-viewers for their individual needs. In combination with PACS-freeware, this allows veterinary practices to run a low-budget digital imaging environment.


Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Hosch RE, Rivard AL: Evaluation of self-contained PACS viewers on CD-ROM. J Digit Imaging 27(4):470–473, 2014
Wright MA, Ballance D, Robertson ID, Poteet B: Introduction to DICOM for the practicing veterinarian. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(s1):S14–SS8, 2008
Widmer WR: Acquisition hardware for digital imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(s1):S2–S8, 2008
Wallack S: Digital image storage. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(s1):S37–S41, 2008
Committee DS. Veterinary Identification Tags (PS 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 3.16 2006): DICOM Corretion item (CP-643). USA: DICOM Standards Committee, 2006
Committee DS. NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Rosslyn, VA, USA. Rosslyn, VA, USA DICOM Standards Committee
Bidgood, Jr WD, Horii SC, Prior FW, Van Syckle DE: Understanding and using DICOM, the data interchange standard for biomedical imaging. J Am Med Inform Assoc 4(3):199–212, 1997
Bidgood, Jr WD, Horii SC: Introduction to the ACR-NEMA DICOM standard. Radiographics 12(2):345–355, 1992
Valeri G, Mazza FA, Maggi S, Aramini D, La Riccia L, Mazzoni G et al.: Open source software in a practical approach for post processing of radiologic images. Radiol Med 120(3):309–323, 2015
Solomon RW: Free and open source software for the manipulation of digital images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192(6):W330–W334, 2009
Scarsbrook AF: Open-source software for radiologists: a primer. Clin Radiol 62(2):120–130, 2007
Puech PA, Boussel L, Belfkih S, Lemaitre L, Douek P, Beuscart R: DicomWorks: Software for reviewing DICOM studies and promoting low-cost teleradiology. J Digit Imaging 20(2):122–130, 2007
Haak D, Page C-E, Deserno TM: A survey of DICOM viewer software to integrate clinical research and medical imaging. J Digit Imaging 29(2):206–215, 2016
Escott EJ, Rubinstein D: Informatics in radiology (infoRAD): free DICOM image viewing and processing software for the Macintosh computer: what’s available and what it can do for you. Radiographics 24(6):1763–1777, 2004
Escott EJ, Rubinstein D: Free DICOM image viewing and processing software for your desktop computer: what’s available and what it can do for you. Radiographics 23(5):1341–1357, 2003
Ariani A, Carotti M, Gutierrez M, Bichisecchi E, Grassi W, Giuseppetti GM, Salaffi F: Utility of an open-source DICOM viewer software (OsiriX) to assess pulmonary fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: preliminary results. Rheumatol Int 34(4):511–516, 2014
Presti GL, Carbone M, Ciriaci D, Aramini D, Ferrari M, Ferrari V: Assessment of DICOM viewers capable of loading patient-specific 3D models obtained by different segmentation platforms in the operating room. J Digit Imaging 28(5):518–527, 2015
Lee JT, Munch KR, Carlis JV, Pardo JV: Internet image viewer (iiV). BMC Med Imaging 8:10, 2008
FDA - Food and Drug Administration. Available from: FDA http://www.fda.gov. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 2016. Available from: http://www.ecfr.gov. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
Revisions of Medical Device Directives of the European Commission 2016. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/medical-devices/regulatory-framework/revision_en. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
Medical Device Directory (Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices OJ L 169 of 12 July 1993, European Commission) 2016. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/european-standards/harmonised-standards/medical-devices_en. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
Iotti B, Valazza A: A reliable, low-cost picture archiving and communications system for small and medium veterinary practices built using open-source technology. J Digit Imaging 27(5):563–570, 2014
Ginkgo CADx DICOM-Viewer Spain 2016. Available from: http://ginkgo-cadx.com. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
Horos DICOM-Viewer 2016. Available from: https://www.horosproject.org. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
K-PACS DICOM-Viewer Germany 2016. Available from: http://www.image-systems.biz/download-center. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
Mayam DICOM-Viewer India 2016. Available from: http://oviyam.raster.in/mayam2.html. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
MITO - Medical Imaging Toolkit DICOM-Viewer Italy 2016. Available from: http://ihealthlab.icar.cnr.it/index.php/projects/9-mito.html. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
OsiriX Lite DICOM-Viewer Switzerland 2016. Available from: http://www.osirix-viewer.com. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
RadiAnt DICOM-Viewer Poland2016. Available from: http://www.radiantviewer.com. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
Synedra Personal View DICOM-Viewer Austria 2016. Available from: http://www.synedra.com. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
VetHP (Veterinary Hanging Protocols) and OriOn (Orientation Only) Lucent Media 2016. Available from: http://www.lucent-media.com. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
VetTools-Plugin K&M Germany2016. Available from: http://vetmed.eu. Accessed 30 Nov 2017
Poteet BA: Veterinary teleradiology. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(s1):S33–SS6, 2008
Puchalski SM: Image display. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:S9–S13, 2008
Robertson ID, Saveraid T: Hospital, radiology, and picture archiving and communication systems. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49(s1):S19–S28, 2008
Honea R, McCluggage CW, Parker B, O’Neall D, Shook KA: Evaluation of commercial PC-based DICOM image viewer. J Digit Imaging 11(3 Suppl 1):151–155, 1998
Langer S, Wang J: An evaluation of ten digital image review workstations. J Digit Imaging 10(2):65–78, 1997
Varma D: Free DICOM browsers. Indian J Radiol Imaging 18(1):12–16, 2008
Armbrust LJ: PACS and image storage. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 39(4):711–718, 2009
Robertson I: Image dissemination and archiving. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 22(3):138–144, 2007
Varma DR: Managing DICOM images: tips and tricks for the radiologist. Indian J Radiol Imaging 22(1):4–13, 2012
Acknowledgements
The authors greatly acknowledge Dr. Julia Neugebauer for reviewing this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brühschwein, A., Klever, J., Hoffmann, AS. et al. Free DICOM-Viewers for Veterinary Medicine. J Digit Imaging 33, 54–63 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-019-00194-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-019-00194-3