Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Performance Analysis of Path Loss Models at 1.8 GHz in an Indoor/Outdoor Environment to Verify Network Capacity and Coverage

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effective performance of LTE network is analyzed using signal strength measurements in fading environments. It is one of the primary experimental methodologies for planning and designing a cellular network for given coverage area. In this paper, we present the divergence of path loss between two environments i.e. indoor and outdoor and its effect on coverage and capacity very effectively. The received signal strength and data transfer rate is analyzed at different locations for user’s satisfaction. Standard deviation of signal with path loss exponents are calculated based on received signal strength in the operating network areas. It is in the range of 4 to 5.3 in the vicinity of entire urban areas. Path loss using indoors and outdoors model were analyzed effectively and presented. Based on the received signal strength a new path loss model is proposed to meet the requirements of current environment for tuning the path loss model. It is also suggested that, the removal of permanent object within the vicinity of 200 m in front of antenna is considerably a better solution of propagation of signal. The improvement of 27 dBm signal strength around 14 km area is presented with well-installed network if antenna is free from clutter zone. The analyzed parameter may be very effective for 5G communication considering a future network of this era.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Architecture Enhancement for Non-3GPP Accesses (Release 14), document 3GPP TS 23.402 V14.3.0, 2017.

  2. 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall Description; Stage 2 (Release 14), document 3GPP TS 36.300 V14.1.0, 2016.

  3. 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Ser- vices and System Aspects; 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE); Security Architecture (Release 14), document 3GPP TS 33.401 V14.2.0, 2017.

  4. Henrydoss, J, & Boult, T (2018). Critical security review and study of DDoS attacks on LTE mobile network. In Proceeding of IEEE Asia_Pacific conference on wireless and mobile, August 2014, Vol. 6, pp. 194–200. 4240, 2018.

  5. Zhang, P., Li, J., Wang, H., Wang, H., & Hong, W. (2018). Indoor small-scale spatio temporal propagation characteristics at multiple millimeter-wave bands. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 17(12), 2250–2254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Sun, S., Rappaport, T. S., Thomas, T. A., Ghosh, A., Nguyen, H. C., Kovács, I. Z., et al. (2016). Investigation of prediction accuracy, sensitivity, and parameter stability of large-scale propagation path loss models for 5G wireless communications. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 65(5), 2843–2860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Sasaki, M., M. Nakamura, W. Yamada, N. Kita, Y. Takatori, M. Inomata, et al. (2018). Path loss characteristics from 2 to 66 GHz in urban macro cell environments based on analysis using ITU‐R site‐`general models. In 12th European conference on antennas and propagation (EuCAP), London, pp. 1–5.

  8. Salous, S., Lee, J., Kim, M. D., Sasaki, M., Yamada, W., Raimundo, X., & Cheema, A. A. (2020). Radio propagation measurements and modeling for standardization of the site general path loss model in International Telecommunications Union recommendations for 5G wireless networks. Radio Science. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RS006924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Raimundo, X., Salous, S., & Cheema, A. A. (2018). Indoor dual polarised radio channel characterisation in the 54 and 70 GHz bands. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 12(8), 1287–1292. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2017.0711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lee, J., Liang, J., Kim, M. D., Park, J. J., Park, B., & Chung, H. K. (2016). Measurement-based propagation channel characteristics for millimetre-wave 5G Giga communication systems. ETRI Journal, 38(6), 1031–1041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Elmezughi, M. K., Afullo, T. J., & Oyie, N. O. (2021). Performance study of path loss models at 14,18, and 22 GHz in an indoor corridor environment for wireless communications. South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 112(1), 32–45.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cao, J., Ma, M. H., Li, H., Zhang, Y., & Luo, Z. (2014). A survey on security aspects for LTE and LTE—A networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(1), 283–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rao, S. P, Kotte B. T., & Holtmanns, S. (2016). Privacy in LTE networks. In Proceedings of EAI international conference on mobile multimedia communications (ICST), 2016 pp. 176–183.

  14. Holtmanns, S, Rao, S. P., & Oliver, I. (2016). User location tracking attacks for LTE networks using the interworking functionality. In: Proceedings of IFIP networking conference and workshops, May 2016, pp. 315–322.

  15. Dabrowsk, A., Pianta, N., Klepp, T. T, Mulazzani, M., & Weippl, E. (2014). IMSIcatch me if you can: IMSI-catcher-catchers. In: Proceedings of 30th annual computer security applications conference, 2014, pp. 246–255.

  16. Shaik, A., Borgaonkar, R,. Asokan, N., Niemi, V., & Seifert, J. P. (2016). Practical attacks against privacy and availability in 4G/LTE mobile communication systems. In Proceedings of NDSS, 2016, pp. 21–24.

  17. Lichtman, M., Jover, R. P., Labib, M., Rao, R., Marojevic, V., & Reed, J. H. (2016). LTE/LTE-A jamming, spoo_ng, and snif_ng: Threat assessment and mitigation. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(4), 54–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Aziz, F. M, Shamma, J. S., & Stüber, G. L. (2015). Resilience of LTE networks against smart jamming attacks: Wideband model. In Proceedings of IEEE international symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications, August/September, 2015, pp. 1344–1348.

  19. Labib, M, Marojevic, Reed J. H., & Zaghloul, A. I. (2016). How to enhance the immunity of LTE systems against RF spoong. In Proceedings of international conference on computer networks & communications, 2016, pp. 1–5.

  20. Khan, C., & Choi, H. K. (2014). Security analysis of handover key management in 4G LTE/SAE networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 13(2), 457–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kambourakis, G., Kolias, C., Gritzali, S., & Park, J. H. (2011). DoS attacks exploiting signaling in UMTS and IMS. Computer Communications, 34(3), 226–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Peng, C., Li, C. Y., Wang, H., Tu, G. H., & Lu, S. W. (2014). Real threats to your data bills: Security loopholes and defenses in mobile data charging. In Proceedings of CCS, 2014, pp. 727–738.

  23. Alzahrani A. J., & Ghorbani, A. (2014). SMS mobile botnet detection using a multi-agent system. In Proceedings of international workshop on agents and cybersecurity, 2014, pp. 1–8.

  24. Lichtman, M., Czauski, T., Ha, S., David, P., & Reed, J. H. (2014) Detection and mitigation of uplink control channel jamming in LTE. In Proceedings of MILCOM, 2014, pp. 1187–1194.

  25. Bang, J. H., Cho, Y. J., & Kang, K. (2017). Anomaly detection of network initiated LTE signaling traf_c in wireless sensor and actuator networks based on a Hidden semi-Markov model. Computers & Security, 65, 108–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang, S., Zhou, L., Wu, M., Tang, Z., Ruan, N., & Zhu, H. (2016). Automatic detection of SIP-aware attacks on VoLTE device. In Proceedings of IEEE vehicular technology, September 2016, pp. 1–5.

  27. Ko, A. E., Park, S., Kim, S., Son, K., & Kim, H. (2016). SIP ampli_cation attack analysis and detection in VoLTE service network. In Proceedings of international conference on information networking, 2016, pp. 334–336.

  28. Bin, Z, et al. (2016). Behavior analysis based SMS spammer detection in mobile communication networks. In Proceedings of IEEE DSC, June 2016, pp. 2–7.

  29. Feng, W., Zhao, N., Ao, S., Tang, J., Zhang, X., Fu, Y., So, D. K. C., & Wong, K. K. (2020). Joint 3D trajectory design and time allocation for UAV-enabled wireless power transfer networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 69(9), 9265–9278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Mariam, H., Ahmed, I., & Aslam, M. I. Coverage probability of uplink millimeter wave cellular network with non-homogeneous interferers’ point process. Physical Communication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2021.101274.

  31. Onireti, O., Imran, A., & Imran, M. A. (2018). Coverage and rate analysis in the uplink of millimeter wave cellular networks with fractional power control. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2018(1), 195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Muhammad, N. A., Apandi, N. I. A., Li, Y., & Seman, N. (2020). Uplink performance analysis for millimeter wave cellular networks with clustered users. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 69(6), 6178–6188. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2020.2980291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Yang, G., Xiao, M., & Poor, H. V. (2018). Low-latency millimeter-wave communications: Traffic dispersion or network densification? IEEE Transactions on Communications, 66(8), 3526–3539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Dai, R., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Yu, Y., & Guo, X. (2021). Channel estimation by reduced dimension decomposition for millimeter wave massive MIMO system. Physical Communication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2020.101241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Recommendation ITU‐R P.1407‐6. (2019‐08). Multipath propagation and parameterization of its characteristics.

  36. Recommendation ITU‐R P.1411‐10. (2019‐08). Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of short‐range outdoor radio communication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range 300 MHz to 100 GHz.

  37. Recommendation ITU‐R P.2109‐0. (2019‐08). Prediction of building entry loss.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, U.P., Greater Noida, India

    Satyendra Sharma

  2. National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, India

    Brahmjit Singh

Authors
  1. Satyendra Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brahmjit Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Satyendra Sharma.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, S., Singh, B. Performance Analysis of Path Loss Models at 1.8 GHz in an Indoor/Outdoor Environment to Verify Network Capacity and Coverage. Wireless Pers Commun 126, 3649–3661 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09883-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09883-9

Keywords