Abstract
Lifelong learning has attracted much attention, but existing works still struggle to fight catastrophic forgetting and accumulate knowledge over long stretches of incremental learning. In this work, we propose PODNet, a model inspired by representation learning. By carefully balancing the compromise between remembering the old classes and learning new ones, PODNet fights catastrophic forgetting, even over very long runs of small incremental tasks – a setting so far unexplored by current works. PODNet innovates on existing art with an efficient spatial-based distillation-loss applied throughout the model and a representation comprising multiple proxy vectors for each class. We validate those innovations thoroughly, comparing PODNet with three state-of-the-art models on three datasets: CIFAR100, ImageNet100, and ImageNet1000. Our results showcase a significant advantage of PODNet over existing art, with accuracy gains of 12.10, 6.51, and 2.85 percentage points, respectively.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Code is available at: github.com/arthurdouillard/incremental_learning.pytorch.
References
Aljundi, R., Babiloni, F., Elhoseiny, M., Rohrbach, M., Tuytelaars, T.: Memory aware synapses: learning what (not) to forget. In: Proceedings of the IEEE European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2018)
Allen, K., Shelhamer, E., Shin, H., Tenenbaum, J.: Infinite mixture prototypes for few-shot learning. In: International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (2019)
Castro, F.M., Marín-Jiménez, M.J., Guil, N., Schmid, C., Alahari, K.: End-to-end incremental learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2018)
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L.: ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2009)
Dhar, P., Singh, R.V., Peng, K.C., Wu, Z., Chellappa, R.: Learning without memorizing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2019)
Fernando, C., et al.: PathNet: evolution channels gradient descent in super neural networks. arXiv preprint library (2017)
French, R.: Catastrophic forgetting in connectionist networks. Trends Cogn. Sci. 3(4), 128–135 (1999)
Gidaris, S., Komodakis, N.: Dynamic few-shot visual learning without forgetting. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2018)
Goldberger, J., Hinton, G.E., Roweis, S.T., Salakhutdinov, R.R.: Neighbourhood components analysis. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2005)
Golkar, S., Kagan, M., Cho, K.: Continual learning via neural pruning. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Neuro AI Workshop (2019)
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2016)
Hinton, G., Vinyals, O., Dean, J.: Distilling the knowledge in a neural network. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Deep Learning and Representation Learning Workshop (2015)
Hou, S., Pan, X., Change Loy, C., Wang, Z., Lin, D.: Learning a unified classifier incrementally via rebalancing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2019)
Johnson, J., Alahi, A., Fei-Fei, L.: Perceptual losses for real-time style transfer and super-resolution. In: Proceedings of the IEEE European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2016)
Kemker, R., Kanan, C.: FearNet: Brain-inspired model for incremental learning. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2018)
Kirkpatrick, J., et al.: Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networks. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2017)
Komodakis, N., Zagoruyko, S.: Paying more attention to attention: improving the performance of convolutional neural networks via attention transfer. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2017)
Krizhevsky, A., Hinton, G.: Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images. Technical report (2009)
Lazebnik, S., Schmid, C., Ponce, J.: Beyond bags of features: spatial pyramid matching for recognizing natural scene categories. Object Categorization: Computer and Human Vision Perspectives. Cambridge University Press (2006)
Li, X., Zhou, Y., Wu, T., Socher, R., Xiong, C.: Learn to grow: a continual structure learning framework for overcoming catastrophic forgetting (2019)
Li, Z., Hoiem, D.: Learning without forgetting. In: Proceedings of the IEEE European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2016)
Lomonaco, V., Maltoni, D.: CORe50: a new dataset and benchmark for continuous object recognition. In: Annual Conference on Robot Learning (2017)
Lopez-Paz, D., Ranzato, M.: Gradient episodic memory for continual learning. In: Guyon, I., Luxburg, U.V., Bengio, S., Wallach, H., Fergus, R., Vishwanathan, S., Garnett, R. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2017)
Lowe, D.G.: Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (1999)
Luo, C., Zhan, J., Xue, X., Wang, L., Ren, R., Yang, Q.: Cosine normalization: Using cosine similarity instead of dot product in neural networks. In: International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (2018)
Movshovitz-Attias, Y., Toshev, A., Leung, T.K., Ioffe, S., Singh, S.: No fuss distance metric learning using proxies. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2017)
Paszke, A., et al.: Automatic differentiation in PyTorch. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Autodiff Workshop (2017)
Qi, H., Brown, M., Lowe, D.G.: Low-shot learning with imprinted weights. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2018)
Qian, Q., Shang, L., Sun, B., Hu, J., Li, H., Jin, R.: SoftTriple loss: deep metric learning without triplet sampling. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2019)
Rebuffi, S.A., Kolesnikov, A., Sperl, G., Lampert, C.H.: iCaRL: incremental classifier and representation learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2017)
Robins, A.: Catastrophic forgetting, rehearsal and pseudorehearsal. Connection Sci. 7, 123–146 (1995)
Selvaraju, R.R., Cogswell, M., Das, A., Vedantam, R., Parikh, D., Batra, D.: Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2017)
Shin, H., Lee, J.K., Kim, J., Kim, J.: Continual learning with deep generative replay. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2017)
Thrun, S.: Lifelong learning algorithms. In: Thrun, S., Pratt, L. (eds.) Learning to Learn, pp. 181–209. Springer, Boston, MA (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5529-2_8
Wu, Y., et al.: Large scale incremental learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2019)
Yoon, J., Yang, E., Lee, J., Hwang, S.J.: Lifelong learning with dynamically expandable networks. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2018)
Zhou, P., Mai, L., Zhang, J., Xu, N., Wu, Z., Davis, L.S.: M2KD: multi-model and multi-level knowledge distillation for incremental learning. arXiv preprint library (2019)
Acknowledgement
E. Valle is funded by FAPESP grant 2019/05018-1 and CNPq grants 424958/2016-3 and 311905/2017-0. This work was performed using HPC resources from GENCI–IDRIS (Grant 2019-AD011011588). We also wish to thanks Estelle Thou for the helpful discussion.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Douillard, A., Cord, M., Ollion, C., Robert, T., Valle, E. (2020). PODNet: Pooled Outputs Distillation for Small-Tasks Incremental Learning. In: Vedaldi, A., Bischof, H., Brox, T., Frahm, JM. (eds) Computer Vision – ECCV 2020. ECCV 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12365. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58565-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58565-5_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58564-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58565-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)